Joseph L. Kirschvink

Nico and Marilyn Van Wingen
Professor of Geobiology
Ph.D., Princeton University

Science progresses by a process called hypothesis testing, which involves proposing an idea and then subjecting it to experimental tests. However, someone has to initially propose scientifically plausible hypotheses for this process to work. Prof. Kirschvink has originated several such ideas aimed at increasing our understanding of how biological evolution has influenced, and has been influenced by, major events on the surface of the Earth. In more-or-less chronological order, the major contributions include: (1) the idea that biogenic magnetite produced by the magnetotactic bacteria ("magnetofossils") might be responsible for the magnetization of some sedimentarty rocks; these magnetofossils now provide the strongest evidence for early life on the planet Mars. (2) Another major idea is that the magnetic field sensitivity in animals might be due to small chains of the same biogenic magnetite functioning as specialized sensory organelles; this work has provided a solid biophysical basis for understanding magnetic effects on animal behavior, and has actually led to the discovery of these new sensory organs in higher animals. (3) An idea that is generating much interest recently is that the entire Earth may have actually frozen over several times in Earth history, resembling a "Snowball", potentially causing some of the most severe criseses is history of life on Earth and perhaps stimulating evolution. (4) Another original concept is that the Cambrian Evolutionary explosion may have been precipitated in part by large burst of true polar wander, in which the Earth's rotational axis moved to the equator in a geologically short interval to of time, and (5) that the burst of biomineralization observed in the fossil record at the Cambrian Explosion may have resulted from the evolutionary exaptation of the magnetite biomineralization system. A common thread in all of these efforts is the study of paleomagnetism and rock magnetism, for which the Kirschvink group maintains laboratories dedicated to the study of weakly magnetic biological and geological materials. Several home pages (currently under construction) describe these major contributions and facilities in more detail: Prof. Kirschvink delivered the Carl Sagan Memorial Lecture at the 2001 American Geophysical Union Fall meeting in San Francisco, a webcast of which is posted on the AGU www site. As promised, a 28 MB Powerpoint file of the slides from this lecture is now available at CarlSaganLecture.ppt, the 14 MB video clip of the pulse-remagnetization experiment for the magnetotactic bacteria is at bacteria.avi (this file should be in the same directory to run properly), and a 96kb Adobi Acrobat PDF file of Koseki's cut-out model of the Martian Magnetofossil is also posted. Also as promised, the 33 MB powerpoint presentation from the 2003 Caltech GPS Alumni College, "Snowballs, True polar Wander, and the Cambrina Explosion", is now posted here, as is the ~ 14 MB movie (iitpw.mov) of the proposed Inertial Interchange event.
    Click here for the current location of Asteriod 27711 Kirschvink, a member of the Phocaea family with an unusually high eccentricity, orbiting between Mars and Jupiter, with a magnitude of 15, about 3 km in diameter.
Additional contributions include various studies in rock- and paleomagnetism and Biomagnetism, and those from recent or current students:

Prof. Robert Ripperdan
Prof. David A. Evans
Dr. John Holt
Prof. Benjamin Weiss
Dr. Robert Kopp
Mr. Cody Nash
Major research projects by current and former students are described in several other home pages:
Joe Kirschvink's abbreviated CV and list of pre-1991 peer-reviewed papers
Joe recently won the Richard P. Feynman Prize for teaching excellence at Caltech
Kirschvink Lab Group 2002: (Left to Right, with current affiliation): Tim Raub (Yale), Michiel de Kock (RAU), Ryan Petterson, Joe, Derek Shannon (USC), Tess Puig, Whitey Hagadorn (Amhurst), Vincent Courtillot (IPGP), Cody Nash, Ben Weiss, Theressa Daniels (Yale), Isaac Hilburn

Peer-Reviewed Publications, 1991+:

2008b Holland, R.A., Kirschvink, J.L., Doak, T.G., and M. Wikelski. Bats use magnetite to detect the Earth's magnetic field. PLoS ONE 3(2): e1676. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001676

2008a Kopp, R.E. and J. L. Kirschvink (2008). The identification and biogeochemical interpretation of fossil magnetotactic bacteria. Earth Sci. Rev. 86: 42-61. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.08.001

2007e Kopp R.E., T. D. Raub, D. Schumann, H. Vali, A. V. Smirnov, J. L. Kirschvink (2007), Magnetofossil spike during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Ferromagnetic resonance, rock magnetic, and electron microscopy evidence from Ancora, New Jersey, United States. Paleoceanography, 22, PA4103, doi:10.1029/2007PA001473.

2007d Raub, T.D., Kirschvink, J.L., and D. A. D. Evans. True Polar Wander: Linking Deep and Shallow Geodynamics to Hydro- and Bio-spheric Hypotheses. Treatise on Geophysics, V. 5, Ch. 14, pages 565-589.

2007c Maloof, A. C., Kopp, R. E., Grotzinger, J. P., Fike, D. A., Bosak, T., Vali, H., Poussart, P. M., Weiss, B. P., and J. L. Kirschvink, Sedimentary Iron Cycling and the Origin and Preservation of Magnetization in Platform Carbonate Muds, Andros Island, the Bahamas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 259 (2007) 581-598.

2007b Walker, M.M., Diebel, C.E. & Kirschvink, J.L., Chapter 8: Magnetoreception. In: Toshiaki Hara and Barbara Zielinski (eds.), Sensory Systems Neuroscience: Fish Physiology, v. 25, Elsevier Inc, pp. 335-374.

2007a Parkinson, C. D., Liang, M-C., Hartman, H., Hansen, C. J., Tinetti, G., Meadows, V., Kirschvink, J. L., and Yung, Y. L., Enceladus: Cassini Observations and Implications for the Search for Life (ResearchNote). Astronomy & Astrophysics, 463, 353-357.

2006f Mao-Chang Liang, Hyman Hartman, Robert E. Kopp, Joseph L. Kirschvink and Yuk L. Yung. Production of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Atmosphere of a Snowball Earth and the Origin of Oxygenic Photosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103: 18896-18899.

Related story: Geobiologists Solve "Catch-22 Problem" Concerning the Rise of Atmospheric Oxygen

2006e Kopp, R.E., Nash C.Z., Kobayashi, A., Weiss, B.P., Bazylinski, D.A., and J.L. Kirschvink, Ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy for assessment of magnetic anisotropy and magnetostatic interactions: a case study of mutant magnetotactic bacteria, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B12S25, doi:10.1029/2006JB004529.

2006d Maloof, A.C., Halverson, G.P., Kirschvink, J.L., Schrag, D.P., Weiss, B.P., and Hoffman, P.F., Combined paleomagnetic, isotopic, and stratigraphic evidence for true polar wander from the Neoproterozoic Akademikerbreen Group, Svalbard, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, no. 9/10, p. 1099-1124.

2006c Kopp, R.E., Weiss, B.P., Maloof, A.C., Vali H., Nash, C.Z. & Kirschvink, J.L., Chains, clumps, and strings: Magnetofossil taphonomy with ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy, Earth & Planetary Science Letters 247: 10 - 25.

2006b Kobayashi, A., Kirschvink, J.L., Nash, C. Z., Kopp, R. E., Sauer, D.A., Bertani, L.E., Voorhout, W.F., and Taguchi, T., Experimental Observation of Magnetosome Chain Collapse in Magnetotactic Bacteria: Sedimentological, paleomagnetic, and evolutionary implications, Earth & Planetary Science Letters 245, 538-550.

2006a Suzuki, Y., Kopp, R.E., Kogure, T., Suga, A., Takai, K., Tsuchida, S., Ozaki, N., Endo, K., Hashimoto, J., Kato, Y., Mizota, C., Hirata, T., Chiba, H., Nealson, K.H., Horikoshi, K., & Kirschvink, J.L., Sclerite formation in the hydrothermal-vent 'scaly-foot' gastropod - possible control of iron sulfide biomineralization by the animal, Earth & Planetary Science Letters 242, 39-50.

2005c Kopp, R.E., Kirschvink, J.L., Hilburn, I.A. & Nash, C.Z., Was the Paleoproterozoic Snowball Earth a biologically-triggered climate disaster?, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102: 11131-11136.

2005b Hilburn, I.A., Kirschvink, J.L., Tajika, E., Tada, R., Hamano, Y., and Yamamoto, S., A negative fold test on the Lorrain Formation of the Huronian Supergroup: Uncertainty on the paleolatitude of the Paleoproterozoic Gowganda glaciation and implications for the great oxygenation event, Earth & Planetary Science Letters 232, 315-332.

2005a Ward, P.D., Garrison G., Botha J., Buick R., Erwin D.H., Kirschvink J.L., De Kock M.O., and R. Smith. Abrupt and Gradual Extinction among Land Vertebrates in the Karoo Basin, South Africa, Science, v. 307, 709-714.

2004d Vali, H., Weiss, B.P., Yiliang Li, Y., Sears, S.K., Kim, S-S., Kirschvink, J.L., and Zhang C.L. Formation of tabular single domain magnetite induced by Geobacter metallireducens GS-15, Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. 101, 16121-16126.

2004c Weiss, B.P., Kim,S., Kirschvink, J.L., Kopp, R.E., Sankaran M., Kobayashi, A., & Komeili, A. Ferromagnetic resonance and low temperature magnetic tests for biogenic magnetite, Earth & Planetary Science Letters 224, 73-89.

2004b Weiss, B.P., Kim, S., Kirschvink, J.L., Kopp, R.E., Sankaran, M. Kobayashi A. & Komelil A. Magnetic tests for magnetosome chains in Martian meteorite ALH84001. Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. 101, 8281-8284.

2004a De Kock, M.O. & Kirschvink, J.L.: Paleomagnetic constraints on the Permian-Triassic boundary in terrestrial strata of the Karoo Supergroup, South Africa: Implications for causes of the end-Permian extinction event. Gondwana Research, 7: 175-183.

2003c Kirschvink, J.L.: Heinz A.Lowenstam 1912-1993: A biographical Memoir. Biographical Memoirs, VOLUME 83, The National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

2003b Walker, M.M., Diebel, C.E., & J.L. Kirschvink: Detection and Use of the Earth’s Magnetic Field by Aquatic Vertebrates. In: Sensory Processing in Aquatic Environments, (S. P. Collin & N. J. Marshall, eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 53-74.

2003a Kirschvink, J.L. & Raub, T.D.: A Methane Fuse for the Cambrian Explosion: Carbon Cycles and True Polar Wander. Comptes Rendus Geosciences, .,v.335, 65-78.

2002j Thackeray, J.F., Kirschvink, J.L., and Raub, T.D.: Palaeomagnetic analyses of calcified deposits from the Plio-Pleistocene hominid site of Kromdraai, South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 98: 537-540.

2002i Evans, D.A.D., Beukes, N.J., and Kirschvink, J.L.: Paleomagnetism of a lateritic paleo-weathering horizon and overlying Paleoproterozoic redbeds from South Africa: Implications for the Kaapvaal apparent polar wander path and a confirmation of atmospheric oxygen enrichment. J. Geophys. Res.,107(B12), 2326, doi:10.1029/2001JB000432.

2002h Phillips J.B., Borland, S.C., Freake M.J., Brassart J., and Kirschvink, J.L.: Fixed-axis’ magnetic orientation by an amphibian: non-shoreward-directed compass orientation, misdirected homing or positioning a magnetite-based map detector in a consistent alignment relative to the magnetic field? J. Exptl. Biol.,205: 3903-3914.

2002g Walker, M.M., Dennis, T.E., and Kirschvink, J.L.: The magnetic sense and its use in long-distance navigation by animals. Current Opinion in Neurobiology,12: 735-744.

2002f Clemett, S.J., Thomas-Keprta,K.L., Shimmin,J., Morphew,M., J. R. Mcintosh, D. A. Bazylinski, J. L. Kirschvink, S.J. Wentworth, D.S. McKay, H. Vali, E.K. Gibson JR., & C.S. Romanek: Crystal morphology of MV-1 magnetite. American Mineralogist,87: 1727-1730.

2002e Wiltschko, W., U. Munro, R. Wiltschko & J. Kirschvink: Magnetite-based magnetoreception in birds: the effect of a biasing field and a pulse on migratory behavior. J. Exp. Biol. 205: 3031-3037.

2002d Weiss, B.P., Vali, H., Baudenbacher, F.J., Kirschvink, J.L., Stewart S.T., and Shuster, D.L.: Records of an ancient Martian magnetic field in ALH84001. Earth & Planetary Science Letters 201, 449-463. Also see the Weiss et al. companion paper.

2002c Kathie L. Thomas-Keprta, Simon J. Clemett, Dennis J. Bazylinski, Joseph L. Kirschvink, David S. McKay, Susan J. Wentworth, Hojatollah Vali, Everett K. Gibson, & Christopher S. Romanek. Magnetofossils from Ancient Mars: A Robust Biosignature in the Martian Meteorite ALH84001. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68(8), 3663-3672.

2002b Kirschvink, J.L., Quand tous les océans étaient gelés. [When all of the oceans were frozen]. , La Recherche v. 355 (Julliet-Aoút 2002), pp. 26-30.

2002a Kirschvink, J.L., Weiss, B.P. Mars, Panspermia, and theOrigin of life: Where did it all begin? Palaeolontogia Electronica, v.4 (2), 8-15.; PDF here, Japanese translation by Yukio Isozaki was published in Journal of Geography v. 112(2), 187-196, 2003 PDF here,.

2001e Weiss, B.P., Wikswo, J.P., Baudenbacher, F.J., Kirschvink, J.L. The Next Step: SQUID Microscopy. EOS - Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, EOS, v82, n44, pp. 513 & 518.

2001d Kirschvink, J.L., Walker, M.M. Deibel, C. Magnetite-based Magnetoreception. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 11, 462-467.

2001c Evans,D.A.D., Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J., and Kirschvink,J.L. Paleomagnetic constraints on ages of mineralization in the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa.  Economic Geology, 96: 621-631.

2001b Bertani,E.L., Juliani Weko, Khristie V. Phillips, Rachel F. Gray and Joseph L. Kirschvink, Physical and genetic characterization of the genome of Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum, strain MS-1, Gene (264) 2 (2001) pp. 257-263.

2001a Thomas-Keptra, K. L. , Clemett, S.J., Bazylinski, D.A., Kirschvink,J.L., McKay, D.S., Wentworth S.J., Vali, H., Gibson, E.K. Jr., McKay, M.F., and Romanek, C.S. Truncated hexa-octahedral magnetite crystals in ALH84001: Presumptive biosignatures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) , 98 (5): 2164-2169.

2000h Steyn, P.F., Ramey, D., Kirschvink J.L., & Uhrig, J. Effect of a static magnetic field on blood flow to the metacarpus in horses. J. American Veterinary Med. Assoc., 217 (7), 874-878.

2000g Thomas-Keptra K.L., Bazylinski D.A., Kirschvink J.L., Clemett S.J., McKay D.S., Wentworth S.J., Vali H., Gibson E.K., Jr., and Romanek,C.S. Elongated Prismatic Magnetite Crystals in ALH84001 Carbonate Globules: Potential Martian Magnetofossils. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 64 (23), 4049-4081.

2000f Weiss B.P., Kirschvink J.L., Baudenbacher F.J., Vali H., Peters N.T., Macdonald F.A., and J.P. Wikswo. A Low Temperature Transfer of ALH84001 from Mars to Earth. Science, 290, no. 5492, 791-795.

2000e Kirschvink J.L. & Hagadorn, J.W. 10: A Grand Unified theory of Biomineralization. in Bäuerlein, E., ed., The Biomineralisation of Nano- and Micro-Structures, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 139-149.

2000d Kirschvink, J.L. Title suppressed to avoid www browsers. Bulletin Seismological. Soc. Am. 90 (2), 312-323.

2000c M.W. Martin, D.V. Grazhdankin, S.A. Bowring, D.A.D. Evans, M. A. Fedonkin, J.L. Kirschvink. Age of Neoproterozoic Bilatarian Body and Trace Fossils, White Sea, Russia: Implications for Metazona Evolution. Science 288: 841-845.

2000b Evans, D.A.D., Li, Z.X., Kirschvink, J.L, Wingate, M.T.D. A high-quality mid-Neoproterozoic paleomagnetic pole from South China, with implications for ice ages, regional stratigraphy, and the breakup configuration of Rodinia. Precambrian Research 100: (1-3) 313-334, 2000.

2000a Kirschvink, J.L., Gaidos, E.J., Bertani, L.E., Beukes, N.J., Gutzmer, J., Maepa, L.N., and Steinberger, R.E., Paleoproterozoic Snowball Earth: Extreme climatic and geochemical global change and its biological consequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sciences 97(4): 1400-1405.

1999d Riley, C.M. Diehl, J.F., Kirschvink, J.L., Ripperdan, R.L. Paleomagnetic constraints on fault motion in the Hilina Fault System, south flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. J. Volcanology Geothermal Res. 94: (1-4)233-249 (DEC 30) 1999.

1999c Brassart, J., Kirschvink, J.L., Philips, J.B. & Borland, S.C., Ferromagnetic material in the Eastern red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. J. Exptl. Biol. 202: (22) 3155-3160.

1999b Gaidos, E.J., Nealson, K.H., & Kirschvink, J.L., Life in Ice-Covered Oceans. Science 284: 1631-1633.

1999a Mound, J.E., Mitrovica, J.X., Evans, D.A., & J.L. Kirschvink. Sea-level response due to Inertial Interchange True Polar Wander and a test of the Proposed Early Cambrian Event. Geophysical Journal International 136:F5-F10.

1998b Kirschvink, J.L., Brassart, J., and Nesson, M.H. Magnetite-based biological effects in animals. Electrical Power Research Institute Technical Report TR-111901 (Palo Alto, CA), 122 pp.

1998a Evans, D.A., Ripperdan, R.L., and Kirschvink, J.L. Polar Wander and the Cambrian. Science, 279: 9a-9e.

1997i Courtillot, V., Hulot, G., Alexandrescu, M., le Mouël, J-L., and Kirschvink, J.L. Sensitivity and Evolution of Sea-Turtle Magnetoreception: A Discussion of Observations, Modeling and Constraints from Geomagnetic Secular Variation. Terra Nova, 9 (5/6), 203-207.

1997h Kirschvink, J.L. Magnetoreception: Homing in on Vertebrates. Nature 390 (6658): 339-340.

1997g Bertani, L.E., Huang, J., Weir, B. & J.L. Kirschvink. Evidence for two types of subunits in the bacterioferritin of Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum. Gene 201:31-36.

1997f Ward, P D., Hurtado, J.H., Kirschvink, J.L., Verosub, K.L. New constraints on the Cretaceous paleolatitude of Vancouver Island are consistent with the Baja-British Columbia Hypothesis. Science, 277: 1642-1645.

1997e. Kirschvink, J.L., Ripperdan, R.L., Evans, D. A. Evidence for a large-scale Early Cambrian reorganization of continental masses by inertial interchange true polar wander. Science 227: 541-545.

1997d. Kobayashi, A.K., Yamamoto, N., & J.L. Kirschvink. Studies of inorganic crystals in biological tissue magnetite in human tumors. J. Japanese Society of Powder and Powder metallurgy 44, 294-300.

1997c. Kirschvink, J.L., Padmanabha, S., Boyce, C.K., and Oglesby, J.,. Measurement of the threshold sensitivity of honeybees to weak, extremely low frequency magnetic fields. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 1363-1368.

1997b. Evans, D.A., Beukes, N.J., & Kirschvink, J.L.,. Low-latitude glaciation in the Paleoproterozoic. Nature 386 (6622): 2626-266.

1997a. Kirschvink, J.L., Maine, A.T., and Vali, H. Paleomagnetic evidence supports a low-temperature origin of carbonate in the Martian meteorite ALH84001. Science 275: 1629-1633.

1996c. Evans, D.A., Zhuravlev, A. Yu., Budney, C.J., & Kirschvink, J.L., Paleomagnetism of the Bayan Gol Formation, western Mongolia. Geological Magazine, 133: 478-496.

1996d. Kobayashi, A.K., Yamamoto, N. & J.L. Kirschvink. Study of Inorganic crystalline solids in biosystems - Magnetite in the human body. (in Japanese). J. Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 43, 1354-1360. 

1996b. Holt, J. W., Kirschvink, J.L., & F. Garnier, Geomagnetic field inclinations for the past 400 kyr from the 1 km core of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project, J. Geophys. Res. 101 (B5), 11, 655-11,663.

1996a. Kirschvink. J. L. "Microwave Absorption by Magnetite: A possible mechanism for coupling nonthermal levels of radiation to biological systems", Bioelectromagnetics, 17: 187-194.

1995d. Kobayashi, A. & J.L. Kirschvink. "Magnetoreception and EMF Effects: Sensory perception of the geomagnetic field in Animals & Humans." in: M. Blank, Ed., Electromagnetic Fields: Biological Interactions and Mechanisms. American Chemical Society Books, Washington, DC., pp. 367-394.

1995c. Kirschvink, J.L. & Walker, M.M., "Magnetorecpetion in honeybees." Science, 269:1889-1889.

1995b. Holt, J.W., & J.L. Kirschvink. "The Upper Olduvai Geomagnetic Reversal from Death Valley, California: A fold test of transitional Directions." Earth & Planetary Sciences Letters 133: 475-491.

1995a. Kobayashi, A.K., J.L. Kirschvink, & Nesson, M.H.,. "Ferromagnets and EMFs." Nature, 374: 123-123.

1993c J.L. Kirschvink, J. Diaz-Ricci, M.H. Nesson, and S. J. Kirschvink, "Magnetite-based Magnetoreceptors: Ultrastructural, Behavioral, and Biophysical Studies." Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, California, USA, technical report TR102008.

1993b Ripperdan, R.L., Magaritz, M., & J.L. Kirschvink, "Magnetic polarity and carbon isotope evidence for non-depositional events within the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary section near Dayangcha, Jilin Province, China. Geological Magazine 130:(4): 443-452.

1993a McNeill, D.F., & J.L. Kirschvink. " "Early dolomitization of platform carbonates and the preservation of magnetic polarity.," J. Geophys. Res. 98(B5), 7977-7986.

1992o Kirschvink, J.L., Kobayashi-Kirschvink, A., Diaz-Ricci, J., & S.J. Kirschvink, "Magnetite in human tissues: A mechanism for the biological effects of weak ELF magnetic fields". Bioelectromagnetics Supplement 1:, 101-114.

1992n Walker, M.M., Kirschvink, J.L., Dizon, A.E. and Ahmed, G., " "Evidence that fin whales respond to the geomagnetic field during migration,"J. Exptl. Biol. 171: 67-78. 

1992m Diaz-Ricci J.C. and J.L. Kirschvink, " "Magnetic domain state and coercivity predictions for biogenic greigite (Fe3O4): A comparison of theory with magnetosome observations.," J. Geophys. Res. 97(B12): 17309-17315.

1992l Kirschvink J.L. Uniform magnetic fields and Double-wrapped coil systems: Improved techniques for the design of biomagentic experiments. Bioelectromagnetics 13:401-411.

1992k Kirschvink, J.L., Kobayashi-Kirschvink, A., and Woodford, B.J. Magnetite biomineralization in the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 89(16): 7683-7687.

1992j Salyards, S.L., Sieh K.E., and J.L. Kirschvink. "Paleomagnetic measurement of non-brittle coseismic deformation across the San Andreas Fault at Pallett Creek", J. Geophys. Res., 97:2457-2470.

1992i Ripperdan, R.L., and Kirschvink, J.L., 1992. Paleomagnetic results from the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary section at Black Mountain, western Queensland, Australia. in: Webby, B.D. & J.R. Laurie, eds., Global Perspectives on Ordovician Geology, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 93-g-103.

1992h Kirschvink, J.L., "Constraints on biological effects of weak extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields: comment". Phys. Rev. A. 46(4), 2178-2184.

1992g Compston. W., Williams, W., Kirschvink J.L., Zhang Zichao & Ma Guogan. Zircon U-Pb ages for the Early Cambrian time scale. J. Geol. Soc. London 149: 171-184.

1992f Kirschvink, J.L., Kuwajima T., Ueno, S., Kirschvink, S. J., Diaz-Ricci, J.C., Morales, A., Barwig, S., and Quinn K. (1992). "Discrimination of low-frequency magnetic fields by honeybees: Biophysics and experimental tests". In: Sensory Transduction (eds. D.P. Corey & S.D. Roper), pp. 225-240. Society of General Physiologists, 45th Annual Symposium, Rockefeller University Press, New York.

1992e Kirschvink J.L., "On the magnetostatic control of crystal orientation and iron Ac- cumulation in Magnetosomes". Automedica 14:257-269.

1992d Pluhar, C.J., Holt, J.H., Kirschvink,J.L., Beratan K., and R.W. Adams. 1992. Magnetostratigraphy of plio-pleistocene lake sediments in the Confidence Hills of Southern Death Valley, California. San Bernardino County Museum Association Quaterly v. 39(2), p. 12-19.

1992c Gomez, F., Hsieh, J., Holt, J., Murray, B., and J.L. Kirschvink, 1992. Outcrop geology of Plio-pleistocene strata of the confidence hills, southen Death Valley, California. San Bernardino County Museum Association Quaterly v. 39(2), p. 3-6.

1992b Kirschvink J.L. "Late Proterozoic Low-Latitude Global Glaciation: The Snowball Earth". Section 2.3 in: J.W. Schopf, C. Klein, & D. Des Maris (eds), The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study. Cambridge University Press, pp. 51-52.

1992a Kirschvink J.L., "A Paleogeographic Model for Vendian and Cambrian Time". Chapter XII in: J.W. Schopf, C. Klein, & D. Des Maris (eds), The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study. Cambridge University Press, pp 567-581.

1991g Diaz-Ricci, J.C., Woodford B.J., Kirschvink J.L. & M.R. Hoffman. Alteration of the magnetic properties of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum by a pulse magnetization technique. Applied and Environmental Micorbiology 57: 3248-3254.

1991f Magaritz, M., Latham A., Kirschvink, J.L., Zhurevlev A. Yu., and Rozanov A. Yu. The Precambrian-Cambrian boundary problem: Carbon Isotope correlations for Vendian and Tommotian time between Siberia and Morocco, Geology 19:847-850.

1991e Aissaoui, D.M., & J.L. Kirschvink, Atoll magnetostratigraphy - calibration of the Eustatic records. Terra Nova 3(1): 35-40.

1991d Pluhar, C.J. & J.L. Kirschvink. Magnetostratigraphy and clockwise rotation of the Plio-Plsistocene Mojave River Formation, Central Mojave Desert, California. San Bernardino County Museum Association Quaterly v. 38(2), p. 31-42.

1991c Kirschvink, J. L., Magaritz, M., Ripperdan, R.L., Zhurevlev. Y.Yu. and A.Yu. Rozanov, The Precambrian-Cambrian boundary: Magnetostratigraphy and Carbon Isotopes resolve correlation problems between Siberia, Morocco, and South China. GSA Today, v. 1(4), 69-91.

1991b Kirschvink, J.L. and Kobayashi-Kirschvink, A. "Is geomagnetic sensitivity real? Replication of the Walker-Bitterman conditioning experiment in honey bees. American Zoologist v. 31(1): 169-185.

1991a Vali H., and J.L. Kirschvink. Observations of Magnetosome Organization, Surface Structure, and Iron Biomineralization of Undescribed Magnetic Bacteria: Evolutionary Speculations. In: R.P. Frankel & R.P. Blakemore(eds), Iron Biomineralization, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 97-115.